bet din
bet din. Family law. A rabbinical tribunal empowered by Jewish law to decide and enforce matters of Jewish law and custom; esp., a tribunal consisting of three rabbis who decide questions of Jewish law.
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aiding and abetting
aiding and abetting 帮助和教唆 指引诱、唆使、鼓励或促成他人实施犯罪的行为。在当代美国，教唆他人实施任何罪都可以构成教唆罪，且只要有了教唆行为就构成既遂罪，而不要求被教唆者实施了教唆的罪。在英国，以前只有帮助和教唆他人实施重罪才构成二级主犯〔a principal in the second degree〕，1967年后帮助和教唆他人实施任何犯罪均以主犯论处。 (→aider and abettor)
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Beth-din
Beth-din 犹太宗教法院 源自旧约时代，有权处理民事、刑事和宗教法律案件。在现代，该法院随着犹太社会的变化产生了变化，但在犹太拉比学者〔rabbinic scholars〕的指导下仍对犹太社会产生作用。在离婚须由民事法院准许的国家，正统犹太教徒〔orthodox Jews〕仍需获得该法院的准许，双方当事人方可再婚。在以色列，所有关于个人身份的问题均由宗教法院裁决。
nil debet
nil debet (nil deb-[schwa]t). [Latin “he owes nothing”] Hist. A general denial in a debt action on a simple contract. “The proper general issue in debt on simple contracts and statutes is ‘nil debet,’ which is a formal denial of the debt. It denies not only the existence of any contract, but under it any
secondary trading
The buying and selling of securities in the market between members of the public, involving neither the issuer nor the underwriter of the securities.
circuit riding
circuit-riding, n. The practice of judges’ traveling within a legislatively defined circuit to hear cases in one place for a time, then another, and so on. • The American practice of circuit-riding was based on the English eyre system, in which justices rode between the shire towns to hold assizes. “The Judiciary Act of 1789
ordinary negligence
Lack of ordinary diligence; the failure to use ordinary care. • The term is most commonly used to differentiate between negligence and gross negligence. [Cases: Negligence 232.]
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cognitio extraordinaria
cognitio extraordinaria (kog-nish-ee-oh ek-stror-di-nair-ee-[schwa] or ek-str[schwa]-or-). [Latin] Roman law. A type of legal proceeding, arising at the beginning of the Empire, in which a government official controlled the conduct of a trial from beginning to end, as opposed to the earlier formulary system in which a magistrate shaped the issues and then turned the issues
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miller–tydings act
Miller–Tydings Act. A federal law, enacted in 1937 as an amendment to the Sherman Act, exempting fair-trade laws from the application of the Sherman Act and legalizing resale-price-maintenance agreements between producers and retailers of products. • The Act was repealed by the Consumer Goods Pricing Act of 1975.
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